In 1429H (2008), a public controversy arose in Nigeria when the Sultan of Sokoto, as President of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, announced that the crescent of Dhลซl แธคijjah had been sighted on Thursday night (28 November 2008). This meant that Saturday would be the Day of สฟArafah (9 Dhลซ al-แธคijjah) and Sunday would be สฟฤชd al-Aแธแธฅฤ in Nigeria. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia declared that สฟArafah would fall on Sunday and สฟฤชd on Monday, because their moonsighting was established a day later.
The disagreement provoked strong reactions. Many argued that Nigeria should only celebrate สฟฤชd after the pilgrims had stood at สฟArafฤt in Saudi Arabia, implying that the global Muslim calendar should be tied to the Saudi timing of แธฅajj.
Dr. Ibrahim Jalo Muhammad, in his concise treatise สฟฤชd al-Aแธแธฅฤ and the Fast of สฟArafah Are Dependent on Crescent Sighting, Not Merely the Standing at สฟArafฤt (1429H/2008), clarified that:
สฟโข ฤชd al-Aแธแธฅฤ and the fast of สฟArafah are determined by local moonsighting of Dhลซl แธคijjah in each region, not by the physical act of standing at สฟArafฤt in Makkah.
โข Just as the times of daily prayers and the length of fasting differ from country to country depending on sunrise and sunset, so too the beginning of lunar months may differ between regions.
โข The Islamic calendar is โnaturalโ (แนญabฤซสฟฤซ), based on observable celestial signs, not โnumericalโ (สฟadadฤซ) like the fixed solar months of other civilizations.
Malam reinforced his argument with vivid, practical examples:
1. Travel and Fasting: A Nigerian flying eastwards from Kano to Jeddah may fast only about ten hours before breaking his fast, while another flying westwards from Jeddah to Kano may fast up to fourteen hours. Each fast is valid according to his own local sunset.
2. Prayer Times: Nigerians watching live television from Makkah may see people performing แบuhr while their own sun is still mid-morning. Yet no one argues that they must follow Makkah’s prayer time.
3. Japan Analogy: If Japanese Muslims fast the Day of สฟArafah based on their local moonsighting, they may end their fast while pilgrims in Makkah have not yet begun the standing at สฟArafฤt; yet their fast remains valid, since each land follows its own dawn and sunset.
Malam drew on the แธฅadฤซth of Kuraib in แนขaแธฅฤซแธฅ Muslim, which shows that different regions (like Syria and Madinah) may follow different moonsightings.
He also invoked qiyฤs and other principles of uแนฃลซlul fiqh to establish that worship dependent on natural signs (like crescent sighting, sunrise, sunset) follows locality, not universal uniformity.
Classical scholars across madhฤhib supported the view that every region relies on its own sighting if the horizons differ (ikhtilฤf al-maแนญฤliสฟ).
Malam responded to the objection: โHow can สฟฤชd be observed before the pilgrims even stand at สฟArafฤt?โ
He clarified that:
โข The แธฅajj rites are specific to the pilgrims in Makkah.
โข Muslims outside Makkah are not obliged to align their calendar with the แธฅajj schedule; their duty is to follow their local moonsighting.
โข To insist otherwise is to conflate สฟibฤdฤt mawqลซfah สฟalฤ al-แธฅiss (acts tied to observable signs) with a singular universal timetable.
Dr. Jalo’s contribution settled an issue that often leads to public confusion: the synchronization of Nigerian Muslims’ สฟฤชd with Saudi Arabia’s แธฅajj. He demonstrated, through evidence and analogy, that each country follows its moonsighting. Thus, สฟฤชd al-Aแธแธฅฤ and the fast of สฟArafah are determined by the local crescent, not the physical standing at สฟArafฤt.
This overview represents a concise summary of Dr. Ibrahim Jalo Muhammad’s juristic position as understood from his works. Any shortcomings or errors in transmission are solely mine. Allah knows best.
08/11/2025
About the Author
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